Adams County's Not So Barren Barrens

There's few other habitats in our state that can make a botanist's ears perk up at their very mentioning quite like the barrens of Adams county.  These prairies and their intricate plant assemblages sit atop some of Ohio's oldest exposed bedrock and predate any of our state's other grassland habitats by a huge margin thanks to lying just beyond the reach of the last two glacial maximums.  This combined effort of the glacier's northern influence, the expansion of the West's tall grass prairies and the migration of southern flora from across the Ohio River collided into a melting pot of diversity and globally rare habitat.

Hanging prairie in Adams County

These specialized barrens also go by the name of cedar glades for their open, rocky, bare-soiled conditions accompanied by a scattering of stunted trees, typically red cedar (Juniperus virginiana).  Adams county's glades come in all shapes, sizes, and plant compositions with many shared attributes between them but no two exactly the same.  Even wandering a hundred yards through the woods between openings can result in two distinctly different flavors and communities if one is savvy in the local flora and has an eye for all things botanical.

Rattlesnake master growing in a xeric barrens opening of Adams county

Despite such a presumptuous title, these barrens are anything but when summer's warmer temperatures and long bouts of sunlight arrive and result in a spectacular explosion of wildflowers.  Many of the plants you're likely to make acquaintances with during a hike are not to be found many, if any other places in the entire state and combine to make Adams county have more rare species than just about any other county.  I believe only Lucas county in the Oak Openings region near Toledo can claim more.

Wood Lily (Lilium philadelphicum)

Wood Lily (Lilium philadelphicum)

One of the most rare of summer's wildflowers to be found in the barrens of Adams county is the enchanting wood lily (Lilium philadelphicum var. andinum).  The fire orange/red glow of these state endangered June blooming beauties are only known to inhabit a select few prairie openings anymore and with proper management will hopefully continue to light up their shade dappled margins for years to come.

Famed Lynx Prairie in mid July

Walking through these islands of rock and dirt with the crunch of desiccating vegetation and dolomite limestone gravel under boot, one can't help but wonder how such a lush array of vegetation can thrive, let alone survive in such a harsh environment.  Countless millennia of evolution and adaptation to this specific habitat niche has assuredly been the key but it's still hard to grasp just how resilient and tenacious life is in all its forms.

Short Green Milkweed (Asclepias viridiflora)

Scaly Blazing Star (Liatris squarrosa)

Resiliency truly is the name of the game for these prairie plants.  They have to endure harsh heat, drought, and sun exposure all while expending an immense portion of their energy reserves to flower and (hopefully) set to seed. Many prairie obligate species have come to battle such intense conditions by having coriaceous (rough, leathery) leaves like the short green milkweed (Asclepias viridiflora) or very hairy leaves/stems like the scaly blazing star (Liatris squarrosa) which help prevent water loss.

American Bluehearts in situ

American Blueheart (Buchnera americana)

Of the nearly one hundred rare plants to call Adams county home, the delicate American bluehearts (Buchnera americana) may be my favorite of them all.  Years ago when I was just beginning to get into botany and dissect these barrens, I came across their purplish-blue flowers and for one reason or another was overly impressed by them and the charm has yet to wear off even after numerous meetings.

Juniper Hairstreak on Rattlesnake Master

Ohio has over 130 native species of butterfly in the state and much like the aforementioned bluehearts wildflower, you'd be hard pressed to find me a more captivating taxon than the juniper hairstreak (Callophrys gryneus).  They are tiny, skittish, and absolutely adorable when you can get a good look at the undersides of their wings.  As you may have guessed their host plant is the locally abundant red cedar and as such are a common sight out in the glades and barrens.

Lynx Prairie 

Profusion of Prairie Orange Coneflower

It's widely accepted that these precious ecosystem's current day existence is due to the burning regimes of the indigenous cultures as well as the geology and bedrock of the area.  This landscape has had eons of weathering and erosion occur without the replenishing effect of the glacier's till and sediment load.  Additionally, the region sits on the edge of the Appalachian Escarpment, bringing about a steep step in the land which helped create the region's exciting geologic formations.  All these factors have helped the prairies and barrens remain open and intact for tens of thousands of years.  The large expanses of exposed bedrock and thin soils take a forest a lot more time to encroach and envelope than Ohio's more traditional tall grass prairies over deep, rich till.

Carolina Buckthorn (Frangula caroliniana)

Fragrant Sumac (Rhus aromatica)

It's not just the wildflowers that set summer ablaze in color but the early-ripening fruits as well.  Locally common small trees and shrubs such as the Carolina buckthorn (Frangula caroliniana), a native and welcome buckthorn, and fragrant sumac (Rhus aromatica) are hard to miss when their branches are laden with their scarlet fruit.

Crested Coralroot (Hexalectris spicata)

On the less conspicuous side is perhaps the Bluegrass region's most peculiar summer wildflower in the crested coralroot (Hexalectris spicata).  This saprophytic orchid lives almost its entire life cycle underground and only surfaces to send up its flowering stalk maybe a few times per decade.  The crested coralroot relies entirely upon mycorrhizal fungi in the soil for nourishment as it completely lacks any chlorophyll and cannot photosynthesize, hence the lack of any green color or leaves.

Great Spangled Fritillary on Purple Coneflower

Black Swallowtail

In addition to the previously shown juniper hairstreak, dozens upon dozens of other butterflies occur in excellent numbers with such a wide variety of host plants available.  The slower you walk and the more vigilant your eyes are, the more you're likely to encounter.  Even when out hiking people seem to be in too big a hurry to slow down and enjoy the simple pleasures and complex cycles nature is exhibiting right under their noses.

Adams Lake Prairie State Nature Preserve

Gazing out across the larger xeric dolomite barrens of Adams county, it can be hard to appreciate just how much differentiation and specific organization there is in each one.  Even subtle changes in the topography result in different drainage patterns and moisture gradients which allow for a diversification of plant species assemblages.

massive Allegheny mound ant mounds with clipboard for scale

Adams county's barrens and cedar glade's most unmistakable non-botanical residents are hands down the Allegheny mound ants.  These prolific builders create some of the largest earthen mound ant nests on the continent, which can reach upwards of four feet tall.  I have no idea how old or how long it took for the nests photographed to reach such a size but needless to say the phrase "Rome wasn't built in a day" applies here!  It seems to be a bit of a crap shoot which barrens or cedar glades has these ants and which ones don't, as I've yet to notice or catch on to any pattern.

Post Oak (Quercus stellata)

Blackjack Oak (Quercus marilandica)

Some prairies might be better described as oak barrens for the prevalence of species such as post oak (Quercus stellata) and the rare blackjack oak (Q. marilandica) rather than red cedars.  Unlike the bur, white, and post oaks out on the prairies of the till plains, the post and blackjacks of the barrens never get very big no matter their age; undoubtedly due to the harsh and restrictive growing conditions.

Climbing Milkweed (Matelea obliqua)

Downy Milk Pea (Galactia volubilis)

Weird and unusual plants are in no short supply with species like the climbing milkweed (Matelea obliqua).  Its flowers are reminiscent of the true milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) but with a strong dose of gamma radiation thrown in for mutative purposes.  The rare downy milk pea (Galactia volubilis) isn't particularly unusual as it is obscure. Its tiny pink flowers appear later in the summer on its trailing vine-like stems.

State-threatened wall-rue fern (Asplenium ruta-muraria)

Adams county's specialized geology and exposed dolomite limestone bedrock has a great deal to do with the plant life that occurs within the region.  Many calcareous and lime-loving epilithic species such as the state-threatened wall rue fern (Asplenium ruta-muraria) grow on suitable rock faces and boulders.

Tall Larkspur (Delphinium exaltatum)

I could easily go on forever sharing the floral wonders of these richly diverse natural treasures and have probably already gabbed for too long so I'll end it with one more of my favorite summer barrens bloomers.  Tall larkspur (Delphinium exaltatum) is one of the region's most regal prairie bloomer during summer's peak.  It's quite rare throughout the entirety of its largely Appalachian range and despite being arguably almost a weed in some select sites just a wee bit north of the Ohio River, tall larkspur has never been known or recorded from Kentucky.  Hard to believe it hasn't popped up somewhere in Kentucky's river county's similar limestone barrens and woods.

I unfortunately had very little time this past summer to get down and immerse myself is these beloved places and missed out on a lot of my favorite and most anxiously anticipated wildflower events.  That being said it was fun to reminisce and vicariously experience a whole summer of bloomers on this post from summers past to pass for the experience this season.  There's always next year right?

Pine Creek Barrens

Being a lover and adorer of plants it's only natural that I would also be equally interested and passionate about the habitats they call home.  Most people immediately think of the forests and their spring ephemerals or the prairie's summer grasses and flowers dancing in the warm breezes but of course it doesn't end there.  In reality there is an almost endless list of ecosystems that exist out there with their own unique and interesting array of plant communities.  None seem to draw my interest more than those of the cedar glade/barren complex.

Cedar glades occur throughout the Midwest and are most heavily concentrated in the central basin of Tennessee but also exist in parts of Kentucky and Indiana as well as extreme southern Ohio.  The Edge of Appalachia Preserve system in Adams County, Ohio protects and exhibits the states best remaining examples of these increasingly rare plant communities and habitats.  These glades/barrens exist where limestone/dolomite bedrock occurs near or at the surface, creating very shallow and poor soils that restrict and eliminate most tree growth.  The most commonly seen trees struggling for existence in these habitats is the Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana), which gives them their namesake.  Thin, harsh soil conditions and scorching sunlight don't sound like they'd be a prime place for plants to grow but how wrong an assumption that would be.  The main reason for my attraction to these glades and barrens are the rare and unusual plants that can be found in few other places.  Some of which are so site and habitat specific that they do not occur anywhere else in the world except for a few local populations.

Pine Creek Barrens

Pine Creek Barrens

I am very familiar and partial to the cedar barrens and prairie openings of Adams County where many of my blog posts have been centered on, both past and future, but I have wanted to branch out and experience other states similar and yet different glades/barrens.  Last Sunday I got that chance when Dan Boone and I made a day trip down to Bullitt County, Kentucky to visit and botanize one of the states best remaining cedar glade complexes, Pine Creek Barrens.  Located just south of Louisville, Pine Creek Barrens is over 100 acres of critical habitat for several rare and threatened species of native glade endemic flora.  Scraggly Red Cedars and ancient, gnarled Chinkapin Oak (Quercus muehlenbergii) trees clung to life on the exposed limestone bedrock and upon careful inspection several species of wildflowers were in full bloom.

Viola pedata

Viola egglestonii

Easily the most showy and exciting blooms of the flowering plants at Pine Creek belonged to the Birdsfoot Violet (Viola pedata).  A state threatened species back home in Ohio, they are considerably more common in the southern states but still just as breathtaking.  To catch another species of Viola in bloom was one of the main reasons for our excursion down south.  Unfortunately the cedar glade endemic Glade Violet (Viola egglestonii) was already done blooming and a maturing capsule.  The heavily lobed, palmate leaves of V. egglestonii set it apart from most other stemless blue violets.  This plant was discovered in 1909 in a cedar glade near Nashville, Tennessee and is only known to exist in limestone cedar glades in In, Ky, Tn, Al and Ga.

Viola pedata

Leavenworthia exigua var. laciniata

Cedar glade endemic #1 on our list was the tiny member of the Brassicaceae family, Kentucky Gladecress (Leavenworthia exigua var. laciniata).  Remember my post from about a week ago about the tiny, native spring mustards?  Well this a closely related species to our Leavenworthia uniflora only much, much more rare.  This species of Leavenworthia is only found in select areas of Bullitt and Jefferson counties of Kentucky and that's it.  This remarkable plant has adapted to survive and flourish in the harsh, xeric conditions of the cedar glades; finding small depressions and patches of thin soil over the dolomite bedrock to grow and flower.  It is currently under consideration for Federal listing as an endangered species.  Only existing in rare cedar glades in two Kentucky counties and that's it worldwide should do the trick.

Leavenworthia exigua var. laciniata

Leavenworthia exigua var. laciniata

 

While I saw many smaller examples of Kentucky Gladecress that looked almost identical to our native Michaux's Gladcress (L. uniflora) a number of them were genuine monsters like the plant pictured above.  Like the Glade Violet, most of the plants were well into fruit but a few continued to show off their charming creamy white flowers with stunning golden throats and anthers.  I fear for the future of rare species like Leavenworthia exigua var. laciniata that rely on the dwindling habitat of the cedar glades.  Urban sprawl and development continues to swallow up these amazing and unparalleled habitats but with the help of the Nature Conservancy (who owns and manages Pine Creek Barrens) there is still a ray of hope.

Celtis tenuifolia pistillate flowers

Celtis tenuifolia staminate flowers

 

While wandering around the cedar barren I happened across a strange and uncommon, small tree of Ohio that was in full bloom; which I had never experienced before.  These are the tiny and inconspicuous flowers of the Dwarf Hackberry (Celtis tenuifolia).  A monoecious plant, both the male (staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers are found on the same tree.  Found growing predominately in the shallow, calcareous soils of southern Ohio, this relative to the more common and much large Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) never gets much larger than 20 feet in height and only 6-8" in diameter at maturity.  These shrubs/small trees grow very slowly and twist and contort as they go, becoming the native bonsai trees of the prairies/barrens.

Nothoscordum bivalve

Nothoscordum bivalve

Growing like a native 'weed' through the more wet areas of the cedar barren was the Ohio threatened and rarity, False Garlic (Nothoscordum bivalve).  At the extreme northern end of its natural distribution in Adams County, this plant is right at home and very common in more southern Kentucky.  A member of the Liliacaea family, its strong resemblance to garlic but containing no scent is how it received its common name of False Garlic.

Carex meadii

Eleocharis bifida

A couple monocotyledons hiding amongst the more showy plants blooming were Mead's Sedge (Carex meadii) and Glade Spike Rush (Eleocharis bifida).  Both are indigenous and found most commonly in limestone/dolomite prairie and glade openings as well as moist sedge meadows.  While they may not be as noticeable or "pretty" as other flowering plants I still enjoy their appearance and think they deserve a shout out.  Hopefully I get the chance to return to Pine Creek Barrens later this year when more rare, beautiful glade endemics are in full bloom.