April Showers Bring May Flowers

Whew.  Here it is the last day in May and I have no idea where the time has gone.  It seems like just last week I was admiring the reemergence of snow trillium and the slew of spring ephemerals to follow and in the blink of an eye they are done and gone until next spring.  Working full time during the week along with my weekends filled with events, conferences, and road trips has left your blogger exhausted and in desperate need of a breather but I really can't complain as I've enjoyed each and every minute of it.

To truly capture the mood and colors of the month of May, I'd need a dozen separate blog posts, so in the interest of saving time and taking advantage of the remaining energy I have, here's a photogenic ensemble of some of my favorite wildflowers and plants from this past month.  There's no real rhyme or reason to what I've decided to share other than they are all species you can find in our fine state of Ohio as spring swings into summer.

Tuliptree (Liriodendron tuliptera)

Few, if any other native tree in our state has as showy and spectacular a floral show as the stately tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera).  Despite being an incredibly common tree throughout the state, few get the chance to see their stunning show as their flowers are often out of sight and out of mind in the canopy above.  The tuliptree has the distinction of being the tallest deciduous tree east of the Mississippi, with some specimens topping out at over 200 feet tall in the primeval forests.

Wherry's Catchfly (Silene caroliniana var. wherryi)

One of my most anticipated of late spring's wildflower shows is the annual explosion of pink from the state threatened Wherry's catchfly (Silene caroliniana var. wherryi).  They are certainly hard to miss when blooming en masse along select hillsides of exposed Ohio shale bedrock in the Adams county area.

Puttyroot pale form (forma pallidum)

Puttyroot Orchid (Aplectrum hyemale)

Despite being one of Ohio's more common species of orchid, the puttyroot (Aplectrum hyemale) is a specialist in camouflage and blending in and thus not something many get to see in flower.  To make matters even more complicated, it can be a fickle bloomer from year to year and you just never know when a plant will decide to send forth its flowering culm.  An almost alien-looking lemon-lime colored form occurs sporadically as well throughout the state.

Guyandotte Beauty (Synandra hispidula)

One of my favorite aspects of this blog is getting the opportunity to share and introduce my readers to wildflowers and plant species they potentially didn't even know existed.  The stunning guyandotte beauty or sometimes simply called synandra (Synandra hispidula) is one that I think fits that bill.  It's rather uncommon throughout the southern half of the state and was once included on our rare plant list.  It hails from the mint family (Lamiaceae) and is one of my absolute favorites.

Trumpet Honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens)

When the word 'honeysuckle' is mentioned among the ecological savvy, thoughts of hatred and malevolence quickly arise and rightfully so as many members of the Lonicera genus stand as one of our greatest invasive species threats but let's not be too quick to judge as there are a handful of native honeysuckles (all vines) that deserve our attention and good tidings.  My favorite is the trumpet honeysuckle (L. sempervirens) which some Ohio botanists will argue isn't truly indigenous to our state, which is something I don't fully agree with.  Regardless, its rich and bold color certainly stands out when in full flower.

Fringe Tree (Chionanthus virginicus)

Fringe Tree (Chionanthus virginicus)

The woody plants or our trees, shrubs, and vines were my first botanical love and few get me more excited than the rare fringe tree (Chionanthus virginicus) in full glorious bloom.  Typically a multi-trunked shrub or small tree, this relative to our ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) only occurs in a handful or so of our southernmost counties.  This is the epitome of a "boom or bust" plant as it's quite easily picked out when in flower but is nigh on impossible to detect when purely in its vegetative state.

Crossvine (Bignonia capreolata)

From one of my favorite shrubs to one of my favorite vines in the crossvine (Bignonia capreolata).  This relative to the much more common and weedy trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans) is largely restricted to the river counties along the Ohio River and is rather local in its distribution.  This particular patch has made quite a home for itself on a sheer rock face overlooking the mighty Ohio River.

An assortment of spring wildflowers in a limestone barrens in Adams county

Prairies are typically thought of as summer and fall attractions and that mindset is certainly not wrong but you'd be missing out on some spectacular flora if you only paid attention to them during those seasons.  Down Adams county way in its famed dolomite limestone barrens and glades, spring can be just as exciting a time to visit when the browns and grays give way to bouquets of new life.  Wildflowers like prairie phlox (Phlox pilosa), scarlet paintbrush (Castilleja coccinea), hoary puccoon (Lithospermum canescens), white blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium albidum), and heart-leaved Alexanders (Zizia aptera) dot the landscape in their respective shades of pink, red, yellow, and white.

Flame Azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum)

It just wouldn't be May without some fire-orange blossoms from the flame azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), at least in my book.  There's just something about the way their color explodes off the branches and catches the eye.  It's unfortunate this species is so rare in Ohio and only occurs in a few naturally-occurring populations, as it definitely deserves a spot in anyone's landscaping let alone Mother Nature's.

Umbrella Magnolia (Magnolia tripetala)

Umbrella Magnolia (Magnolia tripetala)

Before you accuse me of cheating and using a species from the tropics, let me assure you the wondrous leaves and flowers of the umbrella magnolia (Magnolia tripetala) is indeed native to Ohio and right at home here in our northern-ish state.  Much more common further south, this species barely made it into Ohio, where it most frequently occurs in the southernmost counties and is more than likely here thanks to the influential Teay's River millions of years ago.

Vernal Iris (Iris verna)

The rare and state threatened vernal iris (Iris verna) is one that I anxiously await every early May in the dry, acidic slopes and ridges of Shawnee state forest.  There's just something about its electric purple-blue color and vibrant spear-shaped green leaves that set it apart from so many others.  Seeing a whole hillside ensconced in this scarcity during peak flower is sure to impress and wow even the most apathetic of by passers.

Wild Hyacinth (Camassia scilloides)

The lushness of the spring time is perhaps best captured by the succulence of a thick patch of wild hyacinth (Camassia scilloides).  It's by no means a rare or uncommon occurrence but they always make me stop in my tracks anytime I see an especially impressive display.  Their short-lived flowers match the fleeting nature of spring to a tee as well.

American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)

While not a spring bloomer nor an attractive bloomer when it does do its thing, it's always a pleasure to come across a small colony or even a lone plant of the increasingly uncommon American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius).  Some take pleasure in hunting this herb down for its root's medicinal value and worth but I get my pleasure and worth out of just seeing it still occur in wild areas across the state.

Drooping Sedge (Carex prasina)

I'd be remiss if I didn't include at least one spring flowering sedge in this post.  The drooping sedge (Carex prasina) is one of the more graceful and aesthetic of our sedges and is a lovely sight to see when growing in dense clumps along forested seeps and springs.  Spring is just as exciting a time for self-diagnosed sedge-heads like me as for the wildflower and birding aficionados.

Lance-leaved Violet (Viola lanceolata)

Rounding out this post is one of Ohio's nearly 30 species of violets in the rare lance-leaved violet (Viola lanceolata). Along with orchids, milkweeds, and trilliums, the violets are one of my favorite plant families to study and photograph in the wild.  They can be a difficult and frustrating group but that's half the fun...or at least I'd like to think so.

Hope you've enjoyed this slideshow-esque post on some of my favorite spring wildflowers and plants and I certainly hope to bring you more of summer and fall's bloomers as time inexorably marches forward and leaves us all wondering where the time and days went.

Some Over-Wintering Greenery

Winter is by and far the easiest season to complain about and as such feels to last the longest.  The summer greens and blues fade into the drab browns and grays that adorn the landscape for months on end and can cause even the cheeriest of people to be a bit grumpy come January and February.  I do my best to take the winter months in stride and spend my days outside admiring and studying the changes one can only see during this time of year.  Despite the seemingly boring and cold months of winter a good botanist won't take this 'down time' sitting inside wishing for warmer and greener days.  It's important to not only know the plants during antithesis but also any other time of the year.  Not all plants disappear during the winter even though they met their seasonal fate with the first freeze months ago.  Many persist through the winter and let sharp-eyed hikers pick up on their evidence along the trails.  Let's take a look at a few of my favorite species I came across on a hike through Zaleski state forest the other day.

Over-wintering leaf

Puttyroot orchid

Poking out of the ground at the base of a Tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera) are the over-wintering leaves of the Puttyroot Orchid (Aplectrum hyemale).  This plant does best in rich, moist deciduous woods which is reason why it is most common in the southern half of the state and in the northeast quarter.   Commonly found in ravines and along the high terraces of streams and rivers (the latter being where this colony was found), this orchid can really be found in any appropriate forest community.  A. hyemale received its name from the mucilaginous fluid released from its root tubers when crushed and was used by early settlers as a glue to fix broken pottery while the Native Americans used it as a topical treatment for sores. 

Last year's emptied seed capsules

Leaf with attached corms

Aplectrum has a much different vegetative lifecycle than that of most plants.  A large majority of plants have a growing season of spring to autumn however this orchid reverses that order and grows from autumn to spring.  Come November the corms send up a single leaf that is light green in color and has many parallel white lines running down the center.  This robust and tough leaf survives the hardships of winter and is able to photosynthesize by avoiding the light competition during the normal growing season.  With the leaves completely off the trees and no plants growing above or around it, the leaf can soak up as much winter sunlight as nature can offer.  This leaf begins to wilt and wither just before the flowering stalk is sent up in mid-May and is completely decomposed and gone shortly after antithesis.  Usually only a few individuals within a colony of A. hyemale flower each season and can be hidden by surrounding vegetation quite easily causing this to a rather hard plant to find.  The flowers being a green color tinged with purple doesn't make the hunt any easier.   Winter is the best time to go looking for this plant when the large, green leaves stick out like a sore thumb among the brown fallen leaves.  Luckily the colony I stumbled across had a flowering stalk left over to show the dried capsules emptied of their tiny, minute seeds.  In late summer and early fall this is the only evidence that this plant ever existed at that spot; no leaf for another couple months and no colorful flowers to catch the eye.

 

After standing up and brushing myself off from my visit with Aplectrum hyemale it was only a few minutes later I found Ohio's only other orchid that sends up an over-wintering leaf, the Cranefly Orchid (Tipularia discolor).

Previous year's Tipularia capsules

Over-wintering leaf of Tipularia orchid

 

 

Worldwide there are only three species of Tipularia that are known to exist; two make their home in Asia and our T. discolor here in North America.  All three send up a single leaf each winter to provide the same photosynthesis purposes as the previously mentioned Puttyroot orchid.  This species of orchid has a pretty wide range of preferable habitat within its deciduous forest home.  From old-growth forests to second growth, mesic woods to dry or rugged landscapes to flat, this orchid has been recorded growing in all of those instances.  One critical aspect however is the pH of the soil where it grows.  This orchid is largely absent from areas that are composed mainly of basic soils, doing much better in acidic to neutral conditions.  The only large difference in the life history of this plant in regards to A. hyemale is that T. discolor blooms in the summer rather than spring.

An interesting note about this species is its noticeable range extension over the past century.  Not known to exist in Illinois until 1958, this orchid has been found in several more counties as time has gone on as well as been found for the first time in Missouri in the 1980's.  Several disjunct populations have been discovered in Indiana and Michigan counties as well that had no historical documentation of being found there previously.  The cause of this range expansion most likely can be chalked up to natural phenomenon.  Many, many native plants of the past have extended and restricted their natural ranges through the natural course of time, it's just a unique and exciting opportunity to witness and document this as it happens.

 

At a later time I want to get into depth about the pollination of this plant as its one of the most unique and interesting of any orchid but it's time to move on to another persisting plant of winter.

Chimaphila maculata

Chimaphila maculata

Spotted Pipsissewa, Spotted Wintergreen, Striped Prince's Pine...call it what you want but its botanical name is Chimaphila maculata.  This cute, little evergreen herb can be commonly found in a variety of sandy, acidic and dry environments such as pine stands, mixed oak woodlands and well-drained upland forests.  In Ohio the range is almost entirely in the eastern half of the state.  Common interstate highways can be a excellent way to provide an instantly communicable means of a plants range and with this plant it comes in pretty handy.  Almost every county in our state east of I-71 has this plant within its boundries, while only a few to the west can claim the same.  Creeping rhizomes sending up new stems can cause this plant to colonize an area and provide a beautiful mat of thick, dark green leaves with a striking white stripe down the middle.  In mid-summer stalks arise from the stems with a single whitish/pink flower per stalk to be pollinated by varying insects.  These stalks with their swollen capsules full of seeds can persist throughout the winter as shown in the photograph above.

Goodyera pubescens leaves

Old seed capsule

 

 

Arguably our states most common and easily found orchid is the Downy Rattlesnake Plantain Orchid (Goodyera pubescens).  The beautiful rosette of evergreen leaves this species displays is one of my favorite sights any time of the year.  Each leaf has a network of veins branching out across its surface creating almost a stained glass look.  Unfortunately this beauty is noticed by many who are not willing to just look with their eyes.  Thousands of these plants end up in terrariums and in plant stores for sale where they don't last long.  Diggings like these have caused sharp population declines in some areas and even extirpation in severe cases.

Close up of seed capsule

 

Frequently found in well-drained upland forests that have soil of an acidic makeup as well as moss covered rocks, ledges and outcrops.  Anyone can see the leaves anytime of the year but it takes a botanist willing to brave the heat and humidity of July to see this plant in flower.  Only older, matured plants send up an a raceme of tiny, white flowers to be pollinated by a a species of tiny bees.  The flowering stalk (as shown above) can persist throughout the winter as it releases its dust sized seeds to the wind.

Partridgeberry

Rock Polypody Fern

Growing right next to each other on a moss covered rock were the last two species I found interesting on my hike.  On the left is Partridgeberry (Mitchella repens), a creeping evergreen woody plant.  It can grow to form large mats on the ground and give a pretty green tinge to the blandness of the winter scene.  It grows in similar habitat to the aforementioned G. pubescens and is commonly found growing in rocky, inhospitable situations.  The small, red berries (one can be seen peeking out in the center of the picture) persist throughout the winter and are eaten by a variety of woodland critters and birds.

On the right is a species of fern found growing in similar situations as Partridgeberry, Rock Polypody (Polypodium virginianum).  The fronds are evergreen that can grow to be 6 to 12 inches long and shrivel up depending on how much moisture they have.  The tiny brown spots on the underside of the fronds are the spores which is how ferns reproduce.  In future posts I plan on getting into the many species of ferns Ohio has to offer but I'll leave it with just the one for today.